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Java Programming Step 3: Java Operators and Input/Output | Complete Beginner's Guide

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Java Programming Step 3

Java Operators and Input/Output






    Introduction

    Java Operators and Input/Output are essential concepts for every Java programmer. Operators allow you to perform calculations, compare values, assign data, and create logical conditions. Input and output allow your programs to communicate with users by receiving information and displaying results.


    In this Step 3 Java Programming Tutorial, you will learn Java arithmetic operators, assignment operators, relational operators, logical operators, unary operators, increment and decrement operators, ternary operators, operator precedence, type promotion, user input with Scanner, formatted output, and practical Java programs.


    This lesson continues from Step 2: Java Variables and Data Types.


    What You Will Learn

    After completing this lesson, you will understand:

    • What operators are
    • Arithmetic operators
    • Assignment operators
    • Compound assignment operators
    • Relational operators
    • Equality operators
    • Logical operators
    • Unary operators
    • Increment and decrement
    • Ternary operator
    • Bitwise operators
    • Shift operators
    • Operator precedence
    • Parentheses and expressions
    • Type promotion
    • Java input
    • Scanner class
    • Reading integers
    • Reading decimal numbers
    • Reading strings
    • Reading characters
    • Boolean input
    • Java output
    • print()
    • println()
    • printf()
    • Escape sequences
    • Practical programs
    • Exercises
    • Mini project


    What Are Operators in Java?

    An operator is a symbol or construct that tells Java to perform an operation on one or more values.


    For example:


    int result = 10 + 5;

    Here:

    • 10 is an operand.
    • 5 is an operand.
    • + is the operator.
    • result stores the result.

    The output is:


    15

    Operators are essential for calculations, comparisons, assignments, and decision-making.



    Types of Operators in Java

    Java provides several categories of operators.


    Main operator categories

    1. Arithmetic operators
    2. Assignment operators
    3. Relational operators
    4. Equality operators
    5. Logical operators
    6. Unary operators
    7. Increment and decrement operators
    8. Ternary operator
    9. Bitwise operators
    10. Shift operators


    Let's learn each category step by step.



    1. Arithmetic Operators

    Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations.


    Operator              Meaning
    +             Addition
    -            Subtraction
    *            Multiplication
    /            Division
    %            Remainder


    Example:

    int a = 20;
int b = 6;

System.out.println(a + b);
System.out.println(a - b);
System.out.println(a * b);
System.out.println(a / b);
System.out.println(a % b);

    Output:


    26
14
120
3
2

    Notice that 20 / 6 produces 3 because both operands are integers.


    Addition Operator +

    The + operator adds numeric values.


    int a = 10;
int b = 20;

int result = a + b;

System.out.println(result);

    Output:


    30

    The + operator can also concatenate strings.


    String firstName = "Jitu";
String lastName = "Hasan";

String fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;

System.out.println(fullName);

    Output:


    Jitu Hasan


    Subtraction Operator -

    The - operator subtracts one value from another.


    int a = 50;
int b = 20;

int result = a - b;

System.out.println(result);

    Output:


    30


    Multiplication Operator *

    The * operator performs multiplication.


    int price = 500;
int quantity = 3;

int total = price * quantity;

System.out.println(total);

    Output:


    1500


    Division Operator /

    The / operator performs division.


    int a = 20;
int b = 4;

System.out.println(a / b);

    Output:


    5

    Integer Division

    When both operands are integers:


    int result = 10 / 3;

    The result is:


    3

    The decimal portion is not retained.


    To perform floating-point division:


    double result = 10.0 / 3;
System.out.println(result);

    Output will be approximately:


    3.3333333333333335


    Modulus Operator %

    The % operator returns the remainder after division.


    int remainder = 17 % 5;
System.out.println(remainder);

    Output:


    2

    The modulus operator is commonly used to determine whether a number is even or odd.


    int number = 10;
if (number % 2 == 0) {
    System.out.println("Even");

    }


    2. Assignment Operator =

    The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.


    int age = 25;

    Here:

    =

    assigns 25 to age.


    You can change the value:

    age = 30;


    Compound Assignment Operators

    Java provides shorthand assignment operators.


    Operator    		       
    Example    		           
    Equivalent
    +=     x += 5       x = x + 5
    -=     x -= 5       x = x - 5
    *=     x *= 5       x = x * 5
    /=     x /= 5       x = x / 5
    %=     x %= 5       x = x % 5

    Example:


    int score = 50;
score += 10;
System.out.println(score);

    Output:

    60



    3. Relational Operators

    Relational operators compare values.


    They produce a boolean result:

    true

    or:

    false

    OperatorMeaning
    >        Greater than
    <        Less than
    >=        Greater than or equal to
    <=       
    Less than or equal to

    Example:


    int a = 20;
int b = 10;

System.out.println(a > b);
System.out.println(a < b);
System.out.println(a >= b);
System.out.println(a <= b);

    Output:


    true
false
true

    false


    4. Equality Operators

    Java provides two equality operators:

    ==
!=

    ==

    Checks whether two values are equal.


    int a = 10;
int b = 10;

System.out.println(a == b);

    Output:


    true

    !=

    Checks whether two values are not equal.


    int a = 10;
int b = 20;

System.out.println(a != b);

    Output:


    true

    Important: == and Strings

    For objects such as String, == compares references rather than string content.


    For comparing String contents, use:


    String a = "Java";
String b = "Java";

System.out.println(a.equals(b));

    Output:


    true

    We will study String comparison in more detail later.



    5. Logical Operators

    Logical operators are used to combine boolean expressions.


    Operator                          Meaning

    &&                                Logical AND

    `                                     Logical OR

    !                                     Logical NOT 


    Logical AND &&

    The && operator returns true only when both conditions are true.


    int age = 25;
boolean citizen = true;
if (age >= 18 && citizen) {
    System.out.println("Eligible");
}

    Both conditions must be true.


    Logical OR ||

    The || operator returns true when at least one condition is true.


    boolean hasEmail = false;
boolean hasPhone = true;
if (hasEmail || hasPhone) {
    System.out.println("Contact available");
}

    Output:


    Contact available

    Java's && and || operators use short-circuit evaluation.


    Logical NOT !

    The ! operator reverses a boolean value.


    boolean loggedIn = false;
System.out.println(!loggedIn);

    Output:


    true



    6. Unary Operators

    Unary operators work with one operand.


    Examples include:

    +
-
!
~
++
--

    Example:


    int number = 10;
System.out.println(-number);

    Output:


    -10



    7. Increment Operator ++

    The ++ operator increases a value by one.


    int count = 5;
count++;
System.out.println(count);

    Output:


    6

    It is equivalent to:


    count = count + 1;


    Decrement Operator --

    The -- operator decreases a value by one.


    int count = 5;
count--;
System.out.println(count);

    Output:


    4

    It is equivalent to:


    count = count - 1;


    Prefix and Postfix Operators

    Increment and decrement operators can be used before or after a variable.


    Postfix

    int x = 5;
int result = x++;
System.out.println(result);
System.out.println(x);

    Output:


    5
6

    The original value is used first, then x is increased.


    Prefix

    int x = 5;
int result = ++x;

System.out.println(result);
System.out.println(x);

    Output:


    6
6

    The value is increased first, then used.



    8. Ternary Operator

    The ternary operator provides a compact way to choose between two expressions.


    Syntax:


    condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse

    Example:


    int age = 20;
String result = age >= 18 ? "Adult" : "Minor";
System.out.println(result);

    Output:


    Adult

    It can be useful for simple conditional assignments.



    9. Bitwise Operators

    Bitwise operators work at the bit level for integral types.


    Important operators include:


    &
|
^
~

    Example:


    int a = 5;
int b = 3;

System.out.println(a & b);
System.out.println(a | b);
System.out.println(a ^ b);

    Bitwise operations are particularly useful in areas such as:

    • Low-level programming
    • Flags
    • Binary data processing
    • Performance-sensitive code
    • Algorithms



    10. Shift Operators

    Java provides shift operators:


    <<
>>
>>>

    Left Shift <<

    int number = 4;
System.out.println(number << 1);

    Output:


    8

    Signed Right Shift >>

    int number = 8;
System.out.println(number >> 1);

    Output:


    4

    Unsigned Right Shift >>>

    The >>> operator shifts bits to the right and fills the leftmost positions with zeros.


    These operators are advanced topics and will become more useful when studying binary operations.



    Operator Precedence

    When an expression contains multiple operators, Java follows operator precedence rules.


    Example:


    int result = 10 + 5 * 2;

    The multiplication is performed before addition.


    Therefore:


    5 × 2 = 10
10 + 10 = 20

    Result:


    20



    Using Parentheses

    Parentheses can be used to control the order of evaluation.


    int result = (10 + 5) * 2;

System.out.println(result);

    Output:


    30

    Without parentheses:


    int result = 10 + 5 * 2;

    Output:


    20

    Best Practice

    When an expression could be confusing, use parentheses to make your intention clear.



    Type Promotion in Expressions

    Java may promote smaller numeric types when evaluating expressions.


    For example:


    byte a = 10;
byte b = 20;

int result = a + b;

    The result of the arithmetic expression is an int.


    This is an important rule to understand when working with byte, short, and char.



    Division by Zero

    Be careful with division by zero.


    For integer arithmetic:


    int result = 10 / 0;

    causes an ArithmeticException at runtime.


    For floating-point arithmetic:


    double result = 10.0 / 0.0;

    the result follows IEEE 754 floating-point rules and produces positive infinity rather than an integer-style division exception.



    What Is Input and Output?

    Input means receiving data from a user or another source.


    Output means displaying or sending information.


    A simple program might:


    User enters name
        ↓
Java program receives input
        ↓
Java processes the input
        ↓

    Java displays output

    Java Output

    Java provides several ways to display output.


    The most commonly used are:


    System.out.print()
System.out.println()

    System.out.printf()

    System.out.print()

    print() displays text without automatically moving to the next line.


    System.out.print("Hello ");
System.out.print("Java");

    Output:


    Hello Java


    System.out.println()

    println() displays text and then moves to the next line.


    System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("Java");

    Output:


    Hello
    Java


    System.out.printf()

    printf() is useful for formatted output.


    Example:


    String name = "Rahim";
int age = 25;

System.out.printf("Name: %s, Age: %d%n", name, age);

    Output:


    Name: Rahim, Age: 25

    Common format specifiers include:


    SpecifierPurpose
    %d                    Integer
    %f                    Floating-point value
    %s                    String
    %c                    Character
    %b                    Boolean
    %n
                        Platform-independent line separator


    Formatting Decimal Values

    You can control the number of decimal places using printf().


    double price = 99.56789;

System.out.printf("%.2f%n", price);

    Output:


    99.57

    Here:


    %.2f

    means a floating-point value displayed with two digits after the decimal point.



    Escape Sequences

    Escape sequences allow you to insert special characters into strings.


    New Line


    System.out.println("Hello\nJava");

    Output:


    Hello
Java

    Tab


    System.out.println("Name:\tJitu");

    Double Quote


    System.out.println("He said \"Hello\"");

    Backslash


    System.out.println("C:\\Java\\Programs");

    Common escape sequences:


    Escape             Meaning
    \n              New line
    \t              Tab
    \"              Double quote
    \'              Single quote
    \\             
                  Backslash


    Taking Input in Java

    Java provides several ways to receive input.


    For beginner console applications, the Scanner class is one of the easiest approaches.


    Import it:


    import java.util.Scanner;

    Then create a Scanner object:


    Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);


    Reading an Integer

    Use:


    nextInt()

    Example:


    import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter your age: ");
        int age = input.nextInt();
        System.out.println("Your age is: " + age);
        input.close();
    }
}

    Example interaction:


    Enter your age: 20
    Your age is: 20


    Reading a Double

    Use:


    nextDouble()

    Example:


    double price = input.nextDouble();

    Complete example:


    import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter price: ");
        double price = input.nextDouble();
        System.out.println("Price: " + price);
        input.close();
    }

    }

    Reading a String

    There are two commonly used methods.


    next()

    Reads the next token, stopping at whitespace.


    String name = input.next();

    If the user enters:


    Jitu Hasan

    next() reads only:


    Jitu

    nextLine()


    Reads the complete line.


    String name = input.nextLine();

    For example:


    Jitu Hasan

    is read as the complete string.


    Reading a Character

    Scanner does not provide a direct nextChar() method.


    A common approach is:


    char grade = input.next().charAt(0);

    Example:


    System.out.print("Enter grade: ");

char grade = input.next().charAt(0);

System.out.println("Grade: " + grade);

    If the user enters:


    A

    the program stores A.


    Reading Boolean Input

    You can use:


    nextBoolean()

    Example:


    System.out.print("Are you a student? ");
boolean student = input.nextBoolean();
System.out.println("Student: " + student);

    The expected input is normally:


    true

    or:


    false



    Important Scanner Issue: nextInt() and nextLine()

    A common beginner problem occurs when using nextInt() followed immediately by nextLine().


    Example:


    int age = input.nextInt();
String name = input.nextLine();

    After nextInt(), the newline remains in the input buffer, so nextLine() may immediately consume the remaining line break.


    A common solution is:


    int age = input.nextInt();
input.nextLine();

String name = input.nextLine();

    Example:


    import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter age: ");
        int age = input.nextInt();
        input.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter full name: ");
        String name = input.nextLine();
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
        System.out.println("Age: " + age);
        input.close();
    }
}

    Understanding this behavior will prevent many beginner input errors.



    Complete Input/Output Example

    Let's combine different input types.


    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
        String name = input.nextLine();

        System.out.print("Enter your age: ");
        int age = input.nextInt();

        System.out.print("Enter your CGPA: ");
        double cgpa = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Are you a student? ");
        boolean student = input.nextBoolean();

        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("===== Student Information =====");

        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
        System.out.println("Age: " + age);
        System.out.println("CGPA: " + cgpa);
        System.out.println("Student: " + student);

        input.close();
    }

    }


    Practical Program – Add Two Numbers

    Let's create a program that receives two numbers and adds them.


    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
        double first = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Enter second number: ");
        double second = input.nextDouble();

        double sum = first + second;

        System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);

        input.close();
    }
}

    Example:


    Enter first number: 25
Enter second number: 15
Sum = 40.0



    Practical Program

    Basic Calculator

    Now let's use arithmetic operators and user input together.


    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
        double a = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Enter second number: ");
        double b = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.println("Addition: " + (a + b));
        System.out.println("Subtraction: " + (a - b));
        System.out.println("Multiplication: " + (a * b));

        if (b != 0) {
            System.out.println("Division: " + (a / b));
            System.out.println("Remainder: " + (a % b));
        } else {
            System.out.println("Division by zero is not allowed.");
        }

        input.close();
    }
}

    This program demonstrates:

    • Scanner
    • Variables
    • Arithmetic operators
    • Division
    • Modulus
    • Conditional checking
    • Output


    Even or Odd

    The modulus operator is very useful for checking whether a number is even or odd.


    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

        int number = input.nextInt();

        if (number % 2 == 0) {
            System.out.println("The number is even.");
        } else {
            System.out.println("The number is odd.");
        }

        input.close();
    }

    }

    Age Eligibility

    Let's use relational and logical operators.


    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter your age: ");

        int age = input.nextInt();

        if (age >= 18 && age <= 60) {
            System.out.println("You are within the specified age range.");
        } else {
            System.out.println("You are outside the specified age range.");
        }

        input.close();
    }

    }

    Student Result

    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter student name: ");
        String name = input.nextLine();

        System.out.print("Enter marks: ");
        double marks = input.nextDouble();

        boolean passed = marks >= 40;

        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("===== RESULT =====");
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
        System.out.println("Marks: " + marks);
        System.out.println("Passed: " + passed);

        input.close();
    }

    }

    Simple Bill

    Let's build a simple shopping bill.


    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter product name: ");
        String product = input.nextLine();

        System.out.print("Enter price: ");
        double price = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Enter quantity: ");
        int quantity = input.nextInt();

        double subtotal = price * quantity;

        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("==============================");
        System.out.println("         SHOPPING BILL");
        System.out.println("==============================");

        System.out.println("Product: " + product);
        System.out.printf("Price: %.2f%n", price);
        System.out.println("Quantity: " + quantity);
        System.out.printf("Subtotal: %.2f%n", subtotal);

        System.out.println("==============================");

        input.close();
    }

    }


    Practice Exercises

    Now practice the concepts yourself.


    Exercise 1 – Calculator

    Ask the user for two numbers and display:

    • Addition
    • Subtraction
    • Multiplication
    • Division
    • Remainder


    Exercise 2 – Even or Odd

    Ask the user for an integer and determine whether it is even or odd.


    Exercise 3 – Positive or Negative

    Ask the user for a number and determine whether it is:

    • Positive
    • Negative
    • Zero


    Exercise 4 – Age Check

    Ask for the user's age.


    Display whether the user is:


    Adult

    or:


    Minor


    Exercise 5 – Student Information

    Ask the user for:

    • Name
    • Age
    • Marks
    • Grade

    Then display all information.


    Exercise 6 – Rectangle Calculator

    Ask the user for:

    • Length
    • Width

    Calculate:


    Area = length × width

    and:


    Perimeter = 2 × (length + width)



    Challenge Exercise – BMI Calculator

    Create a program that asks the user for:


    Weight in kilograms
Height in meters

    Calculate:


    BMI = weight / (height × height)

    Display the BMI with two decimal places.


    Example:


    Enter weight: 70
Enter height: 1.75

BMI: 22.86



    Mini Project – Student Grade Calculator

    Let's combine variables, operators, input, output, and conditional logic.


    import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter student name: ");
        String name = input.nextLine();

        System.out.print("Enter marks for Java: ");
        double javaMarks = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Enter marks for Programming: ");
        double programmingMarks = input.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Enter marks for Database: ");
        double databaseMarks = input.nextDouble();

        double total = javaMarks + programmingMarks + databaseMarks;

        double average = total / 3;

        String grade;

        if (average >= 80) {
            grade = "A+";
        } else if (average >= 70) {
            grade = "A";
        } else if (average >= 60) {
            grade = "B";
        } else if (average >= 50) {
            grade = "C";
        } else if (average >= 40) {
            grade = "D";
        } else {
            grade = "F";
        }

        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("==============================");
        System.out.println("       STUDENT RESULT");
        System.out.println("==============================");

        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
        System.out.printf("Total Marks: %.2f%n", total);
        System.out.printf("Average: %.2f%n", average);
        System.out.println("Grade: " + grade);

        System.out.println("==============================");

        input.close();
    }
}

    This project combines several important concepts that you have learned so far.



    Common Beginner Mistakes

    Mistake 1: Using = Instead of ==

    Incorrect:


    if (age = 18)

    Correct:


    if (age == 18)

    = is assignment.


    == is equality comparison for primitive values.


    Mistake 2: Forgetting Integer Division

    int result = 5 / 2;

    Result:


    2

    For decimal division:


    double result = 5.0 / 2;

    Result:


    2.5


    Mistake 3: Forgetting Parentheses

    This:


    int result = 10 + 5 * 2;

    is not the same as:


    int result = (10 + 5) * 2;

    Use parentheses when necessary to make the intended calculation clear.


    Mistake 4: Comparing Strings with ==

    Avoid:


    name == "Jitu"

    for checking String content.


    Use:


    name.equals("Jitu")

    instead.


    Mistake 5: nextInt() Followed by nextLine()

    Remember:


    input.nextInt();
input.nextLine();

    The extra nextLine() consumes the remaining newline before reading the next full line.


    Mistake 6: Division by Zero

    Avoid:


    int result = 10 / 0;

    Check the divisor before integer division when zero is possible.



    Quick Revision

    ConceptKey Point
    +Addition or String concatenation
    -Subtraction
    *Multiplication
    /Division
    %Remainder
    =Assignment
    ==Equality comparison
    !=Not equal
    >Greater than
    <Less than
    >=Greater than or equal
    <=Less than or equal
    &&Logical AND
    `Logical OR
    !Logical NOT
    ++Increment
    --Decrement
    ?:Ternary conditional operator
    &Bitwise AND
    `Bitwise OR
    ^Bitwise XOR
    <<Left shift
    >>Signed right shift
    >>>Unsigned right shift
    print()Prints without automatic newline
    println()Prints with newline
    printf()Formatted output
    Scanner
    Common console input class


    What You Should Know Before Step 4

    Before moving to the next lesson, make sure you can:

    • Explain what a Java operator is.
    • Use arithmetic operators.
    • Use assignment and compound assignment operators.
    • Compare numeric values.
    • Use equality operators.
    • Use logical AND, OR, and NOT.
    • Use increment and decrement.
    • Understand prefix and postfix operators.
    • Use the ternary operator.
    • Understand basic bitwise and shift operators.
    • Understand operator precedence.
    • Use parentheses in expressions.
    • Understand integer division.
    • Understand basic numeric type promotion.
    • Print output using print().
    • Print output using println().
    • Format output using printf().
    • Use escape sequences.
    • Create a Scanner object.
    • Read integers and decimal values.
    • Read complete lines.
    • Understand the nextInt() / nextLine() issue.
    • Build simple interactive programs.



    Conclusion

    Operators and Input/Output are two of the most important foundations of Java programming.


    Operators allow you to perform calculations, compare values, create logical expressions, manipulate bits, and assign data. Input and output allow your programs to interact with users by accepting information and displaying useful results.


    By completing this lesson, you can now build interactive Java programs instead of programs that only display fixed text.


    Continue practicing the examples and exercises. Try changing the values, adding new calculations, and creating your own small programs.


    Next Lesson

    Step 4: Java Conditional Statements – if, else, else-if, Nested if and switch


    In the next lesson, you will learn how to make decisions in Java programs using conditions and control flow.



    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

    What are operators in Java?
    Operators are symbols or constructs used to perform operations on values and expressions in Java, such as arithmetic calculations, comparisons, assignments and logical operations.
    What are the arithmetic operators in Java?
    The main arithmetic operators in Java are + for addition, - for subtraction, * for multiplication, / for division, and % for the remainder.
    What is the difference between = and == in Java?
    The = operator assigns a value to a variable, while == compares two values for equality. For object references, == compares references rather than object content.
    What is the Scanner class in Java?
    Scanner is a Java utility class commonly used to read input from sources such as the keyboard through System.in.
    How do you take user input in Java?
    A common beginner-friendly approach is to use java.util.Scanner with methods such as nextInt(), nextDouble(), next(), nextLine(), and nextBoolean().
    What is the difference between print and println in Java?
    System.out.print() displays output without automatically moving to a new line, while System.out.println() displays output and then moves to a new line.
    What is the ternary operator in Java?
    The ternary operator ?: is a conditional operator that evaluates a condition and selects one of two expressions depending on whether the condition is true or false.
    Why does nextLine sometimes behave unexpectedly after nextInt?
    nextInt() reads the integer but leaves the line separator in the input. A following nextLine() can consume that remaining line separator. Calling nextLine() once before reading the next full line can consume it.
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